What was the role of political machines in late 19th-century cities?

• A. They enforced prohibition of alcohol.
• B. They built skyscrapers in Manhattan.
• C. They organized votes and provided services in exchange for political support.
• D. They ran charitable organizations with no political influence.

Answer: (C)

Late 19th-century cities grew quickly and attracted many new residents, especially immigrants. Political machines formed as tightly organized groups that could win and keep power by controlling local politics through patronage. They built networks of neighborhood leaders who could mobilize voters, often by helping newcomers with daily needs—jobs, housing, assistance with naturalization, or social services—in return for votes. This exchange of services for political support helped machines secure elections and then steer city contracts, police protection, and other favors to their loyal supporters. The system could be very effective at maintaining control of city governments, though it often involved corruption as part of the process. An example frequently cited is Tammany Hall in New York City, where leaders used patronage to build a strong voter base and influence city policy.